Peace Essay Example for Free

Peace Essay Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violence, conflict behaviors and the freedom from fear of violence. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all. Etymology [edit] From the Latin pax, meaning freedom from civil disorder, the English word came into use in various personal greetings from c. 300 as a translation of the Hebrew shalom. Such a translation is, however, imprecise, as shalom, which is also cognate with the Arabic salaam, has multiple other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, safety, well-being, prosperity, equity, security, good fortune, and friendliness. [citation needed] At a personal level, peaceful behaviors are kind, considerate, respectful, just, and tolerant of others beliefs and behaviors — tending to manifest goodwill. This latter understanding of peace can also pertain to an individuals introspective sense or concept of her/himself, as in being at peace in ones own mind, as found in European references from c. 1200. The early English term is also used in the sense of quiet, reflecting calm, serene, and meditative approaches to family or group relationships that avoid quarreling and seek tranquility — an absence of disturbance or agitation. In many languages the word for peace is also used a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word Aloha, as well as the Arabic word salaam. In English the word peace is occasionally used as a farewell, especially for the dead, as in the phrase Rest In Peace. Buddhists believe that peace can be attained once all suffering ends. They regard all suffering as stemming from cravings (in the extreme, greed), aversions (fears), or delusions. To eliminate such suffering and achieve ersonal peace, followers in the path of the Buddha adhere to a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths — a central tenet in Buddhist philosophy. Islam means submission. Muslim, etymologically directly related to salaam and the name Islam, means a person who submits to Allah in salaam. [citation needed] Submission to Allah is based on humility. An attitude of humility within ones own self cannot be accomplished without total rejection of violence, and a personal attitude and alignment toward pe ace.

Beam Energies Treatment for Lung and Larynx

Beam Energies Treatment for Lung and Larynx Larynx Error Plan Errors: Beam energies for larynx treatment are not correct both fields have 10MV instead of 6MV Field sizes are not right The Right Lateral (RLat) field is too big resulting in shielding errors The Left Lateral (LLat) field is too small and is just skimming the anterior portion of the patients shell The number of fractions on the plan is one (1) instead of 20 daily fractions. The global maximum dose is 110.98% (given as 6103.7 cGy) and is largely outside the Planning Target Volume (PTV), meaning the plan is too hot The 108% region is a hot spot as it exceeds the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU 50 62) maximum value of 107% The LLat field wedge is too thin 1o, so not helping with uniform dose distribution of the plan, hence the right skewed isodoses and the 108% hot spot The plans maximum spinal cord dose of 5112 cGy, exceeds the maximum dose constraint value for the organ of 5000 cGy. Multi-Leaf Collimators (MLC) use on the plan There is not much conformality to the PTV anteriorly from the RLat field There is insufficient shielding of the neck anteriorly Some MLC are not pulled up properly as they are on the field edge which is better shielded by the Primary collimators The RLat field is over-wedged (60o), resulting in the 108% hotspot region The RLat field is not placed optimally re-collimator angle in order to better avoid the spinal cord The Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) data/graph/chart is insufficient as it is only for the spinal cord excluding for example the PTV information The isocentre could be placed more centrally for the plan Criteria use to evaluate the suitability of the treatment plan This is a conventional parallel-opposed field arrangement, which is suitable for head and neck treatment of the larynx (Barrett and Dobbs, Practical Radiotherapy Planning, page 171). Since this is an error plan, the fields do not match in size though they are parallel opposing. The radical dose prescription is 55 Gy in 20 daily fractions of 2.75 Gy over 4 weeks (Barrett and Dobbs, 4th Ed., page 175). This would apply as a prescription for a T1-2 N0 glottic larynx tumour with a volume of 26-49 cm3 (RSCH, St Lukes Radiotherapy Clinical Protocol, Head and Neck Larynx). Use is made of isodose charts, PTV coverage as indicated by the D95 (95% isodose line), maximum PTV dose (Dmax), maximum spinal cord dose, dose volume histograms (for PTV and spinal cord), and departmental protocols to evaluate the suitability of the treatment plan. The Quantec/Emami et. al. (2013) document of Tolerance of Normal Tissue to Therapeutic Radiation provided the dose constraints for the organs at risk e.g. the spinal cord. NICE guidelines only stipulate an offer of choice of trans-oral microsurgery or radiotherapy to people with newly diagnosed T1b-2 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx. The plan is optimised by use of beam modifying devices like wedges and MLC (Barrett and Dobbs, page 171), and checking the effect using the planning software. Solutions to eliminate identified errors: The beam energy needs to change from 10MV to 6MV in the field properties of the planning software. This will ensure adequate coverage of the PTV as a significant part of the larynx is very close to the skin. A less energy beam offers less penetration and lower build up depth (for skin sparing effect) for dose deposition. The RLat field size can decrease slightly anteriorly, while the LLat field size can increase slightly to ensure adequate anterior coverage. The fields could also be more symmetrical. The LLat wedges orientation needs to change so that the Thick end is Anterior as per the setup information (Toe in). The number of fractions is should change to 20 from the current one fraction. This would give the appropriate dose prescription for the plan of 55Gy/20#/4weeks/2.75Gy per fraction The current plan is too hot, so the beam weightings need adjusting downwards until the plan conforms to the ICRU limits of maximum 100% + 7% (= 107%), and the lower limit of 100% 5% (= 95%) of the proscription dose (ICRU). This process can also improve by correcting the wrongly orientated LLat wedge and using a better wedge angle on it, as well as adjusting down the angle of the over-wedged RLat wedge. Correcting the 108% hotspot region is through adjusting the wedge angles, re-orienting the LLat wedge and adjusting the field weightings. The thin 1o LLat wedge angle needs changing up to 30o for the wedge to have an effect on the isodose distribution, on top of reversing its orientation. This would help in creating a uniform dose distribution for the plan and a reduction/elimination in/of hotspots. According to the Quantec/Emami et al. (2013) guidelines, the spinal cord is to receive a maximum core dose of 50Gy, but the current plan is exceeding this limit. Adjusting theÂÂ   collimator angle for the fields to be parallel to the spinal cord will help avoid treating this critical organ This is also aided by reducing the field weightings, adjusting the wedge angles and orientation of one of them, adjusting the field sizes posteriorly. The MLC leaves need to close where they are open outside the treatment field edges. There is a leaf to shield the anterior corner of the neck but is pulled back, so needs to be part of the configuration. There are five (5) pairs of almost central leaves, that are on the field edges inferiorly and superiorly, they need pulling back by 0.5 cm from the field edge so they do not interfere with primary collimation (Royal Surrey County Hospital (RSCH), St Lukes Radiotherapy Clinical Protocols). Adjusting the RLat field size anteriorly will aid in correcting the shielding of the neck and improve conformality to the PTV. The RLat field wedge needs reducing to at most 30o to aid uniform dose distribution and reduction of hotspots. Changing the collimator angle of the RLat field so that it is parallel to the spinal cord, will avoid treating through this critical organ. This will result in reducing the spinal cords maximum dose for the plan to within the organs maximum dose constraint value of less than 50Gy, thus aiding in optimising the plan. The DVH information of the plan should include the PTV data and line plot to enable plan evaluation of its suitability. Making the isocentre more central may improve the uniform dose distribution of the plan. Suitability of Plan and Alternative beam arrangement According to De Virgilio, A., et. al. (2012), there is currently no set therapeutic gold standard for the treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. This contributes to a lack of consistency and inhomogeneity in treatment planning. The plan under consideration is a 2D conventional plan, which in itself is suitable with the exception of the errors, but is not optimal. The identified errors are correctable and the plan optimisable. In remaining with the conventional plan, a third anterior low-neck field with a light weighting (3DCRT) is an option to improve dose distribution and eliminate hotspots. However, this would require the addition of electron beams to match the photon fields, according to Herrassi, M. Y., Bentayeb, F, and Malisan M. R. (page 98-105). Another option is to use Intensity Modulated RadioTherapy (IMRT) with 3 or 5 beams, or Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) with one arc, (Matthiesen C, SinghÂÂ   H, Mascia et. al. (2012)). IMRT offers more conformalit y in regards to carotid arteries as stated by Gomez, D., Cahlon, O., et. al. (2010). Portaluri, M., et. al (2006), suggest that 3D Field-in-Field techniques are a valid alternative as they offer the best global performance when considering PTV coverage and parotid sparing. Conclusion The task was instrumental in reinforcing the importance of understanding the process of treatment planning, and how to check the suitability of the plan before its approval. There is not much information to work with in suggesting alternative beam arrangements. Useful information could have been correct TNM classification, appropriate oncological classification taking into account the anatomic-embryologic and functional complexity of the larynx. There were glaring errors in the plan, and as an exercise, they were useful in sharpening treatment planning knowledge. IMRT is the preferred treatment technique that is efficacious especially for parotid gland and carotid artery sparing. Lung Plan Errors: Beam energies should all be 6MV, some are 10MV on the plan There are too many fields for the plan The LLat beam is going through the contralateral lung The field placement of the right posterior oblique (RPO) is not optimal as its MLCs are shielding part of the PTV contributing to the inadequate 95% dose coverage of the PTV. The global max value of 109% exceeds the ICRU guidelines, meaning the plan is very hot in places. There is an 80% hot spot on the chest, which is very hot for the area close to the skin There are many wedges on this plan resulting in hot and cold spots and a high dose gradient in the PTV. The Right Lateral and Anterior fields are over-wedged, resulting in the 80% and 109% hot spots. The RPO and LLat field wedge angles are not conventional (50o and 33o respectively, when considering the standard wedge angle specifications of 15o, 30o, 45o and 60o. The Lateral fields (Right Lateral and Left Lateral), are too big in relation to the size of the PTV, resulting in unnecessary irradiation of healthy tissue. The current plan exceeds the spinal cord core dose (maximum 50Gy), as interpreted from the DVH data. There is less than 95% PTV coverage laterally , resulting in a max dose to the PTV of 5304 cGy, which is very much less than the expected 6080 cGy (95% of 6400 cGy). Criteria use to evaluate the suitability of the treatment plan Barrett and Dobbs (page 252), acknowledge that there are a number of challenges to covering the PTV fully and remaining within the ICRU constraints, while maintaining acceptable toxicity levels at the same time. A three (3) field conformal plan is normally used for stage I or II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A compromise on choosing the best plan is mostly dependent upon the location and size of the PTV, and its closeness to critical structures, like the spinal cord and oesophagus. The plan should try to minimise dose to the contralateral lung as much as possible by using anterior oblique, posterior oblique and lateral beams. Beam modifying devices such as wedges compensate for obliquity at the chest, with MLC shielding conforms each beam to the shape of the PTV (Dobbs and Barrett). Use is made of the Quantec/Emami et. al. (2013), document on Tolerance of Normal Tissue to Therapeutic Radiation in checking dose constraints to organs at risk e.g. brachial plexus, oesophagus and spinal cord. Plan evaluation also uses isodose charts, dose volume histograms and departmental protocols to establish the suitability of the plan. NICE guidelines for Radiotherapy with curative intent for Non-small cell Lung Cancer stipulate that the patient should have good performance status (WHO 0 or 1). It says, CHART should be offered first, but if unavailable then conventional radiotherapy of 64-66 Gy in 32-33 fractions over 6 ÂÂ ½ weeks or 55 Gy in 20 fractions over 4 weeks is the next option. This plan is for 64 Gy in 32 fractions over 6 ÂÂ ½ weeks, so meets with this criterion. Dobbs and Barrett (page 253), mention that careful evaluation of the plan using DVHs is especially important when considering keeping the V20 below 32 per cent (the volume of lung receiving more than 20Gy of the dose). Solutions to eliminate identified errors: Barrett and Dobbs (page 255), point out that beam energies above 10 MV should be avoided due to greater range of secondary electrons in lung tissue, which result in a wider penumbra and thus more radiation to normal tissue. Beam energy of 6MV is adequate, while use of 10MV is for separation at the centre is greater than 28 cm. (Dobbs and Barrett, page 252). As no mention of the separation, it is appropriate to use 6MV on all the beams for this plan instead on mixed energies. This is a conventional plan, and the common number of beams 3 instead of the current 5. The many fields have not helped in conforming the plan to the PTV and improving the dose distribution, but have contributed in unnecessary irradiation of normal tissues. So, removal of the anterior and left lateral beams, would bring the plan back to a conformal 3 field plan. The right posterior oblique field would need setting at around 215o-225o in order to cover the PTV better and its MLC not to shield the PTV as at the present. (RSCH and London Cancer centre protocols). The left lateral field is treating through the contralateral lung, which is operationally against ICRP (2007), ICRU and IR(ME)R 2000 guidelines of keeping dose as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) to patients, employees and the general public. The corrective measure is to remove the left lateral field from the plan. The gantry angle for the right posterior field is not optimal and moving it to around 215o-225o range would improve coverage of the PTV and avoid the spinal cord, even though the MLC is shielding the cord (ideal) in the current setup but also part of the PTV that is not ideal and compromising the 95% coverage of the PTV. The global maximum value of 109% exceeds the ICRU target of maximum 107% within the PTV. Removing the anterior and left lateral fields, and adjusting the over-wedged posterior and right lateral field wedge angles to either 15o or 30o depending on the uniformity of the dose distribution within the PTV, will rectify this issue. The remaining field weights will need adjusting as well to fully optimise the plan. Moving the RPO beam angle to between 215o and 225o, as well as reducing the wedge angle to 30o and removing the anterior beam from the plan will correct the 80% hotspot region. Removing the anterior field will effectively eliminate the 80% hot spot region on the chest. Removing the left lateral field and wedging the right anterior oblique field will help in reducing or eliminating the 109% hot spot region in the PTV. These measures will also result in more uniformity in dose distribution when combined with adjusting the weights of the remaining fields. The current plan has many wedged fields (some over-wedged), which is rectified by removing the anterior and left lateral field from the plan, adjusting the right lateral wedge angle to either 15o or 30o, and that of the posterior field from 50o to either 15o or 30o and inserting a 15o or 30o wedge on the anterior oblique field. This should improve the uniformity of the dose distribution within the PTV. The non-conventional wedge angles of the posterior and left lateral fields (50o and 33o respectively), have not improved the dose distribution in any noticeable way, as there is still a high dose gradient in the PTV. Reverting to the standard angles and using either 15o or 30o at most, would improve the dose distribution of the plan. The two lateral fields are too big; therefore adjusting them posteriorly would improve the PTV coverage of the plan and less irradiation of normal tissue. The left lateral field however needs taking off the plan altogether. The current plan shows excessive dose to the spinal cord and according to the Quantec/Emami et. al. (2013) document, the maximum core dose to the spinal cord should not exceed 50Gy. Moving the right posterior field angle to 215o-225o range and removing the anterior beam will correct this anomaly The less than 95% coverage of the PTV is achieved by: positioning the posterior field optimally (between 215o and 225o), so that the MLC will not shield the PTV but still manage to shield the spinal cord; adjusting the field sizes of the oblique fields; applying 15o or 30o wedge to the right anterior oblique field andÂÂ   adding MLCs to it so that it conforms the PTV better thus improving the dose distribution to the plan; and applying MLCs to the right lateral field to conform the PTV better. Suitability of Plan and Alternative beam arrangement This plan is not suitable for patient treatment in many respects, as highlighted by the errors identified. Improving it is by reverting to the conventional three field/beam plan, with two right oblique fields and the right lateral field as the third one (Barrett and Dobbs, page 252). Other treatment techniques, e.g. IMRT (with emphasis on carotid sparing), helical tomotherapy, VMAT have been found to offer better results on dosimetric comparisons. However, a multi-modality approach could be the best approach when considering new data coming from immunology, molecular biology and genetics on top of the usual surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment options (Franco, P., et. al. (2016)). Conclusion This exercise highlighted the importance of quality assurance and having several layers of checking the suitability of treatment plans that are eventually used on the patients.

To Have And Have Not :: essays research papers fc

Book Report: To Have and Have Not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry Morgan is the central character of Hemmingway’s To Have and Have Not. Morgan plays the role of protagonist though he does not always act with â€Å"good† motives or goals. The book deals with the downfall of his life beginning with a murderous secret run from Cuba and ending in the bloody death of Morgan after suffering a gunshot to the stomach. 1. Appearance:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Morgan is a rugged fisherman who spent his life doing various seafaring activities. The long days under the sun on deck has given him a dark skin tone. His appearance describes visually the tough violent world in which he thrives. His looks are almost a uniform for the criminal underground scene where he lives his life. The author uses his wife watching him leave their home as a vehicle to describe in detail his physical appearance. â€Å" She watched him go out if the house, tall, wide shouldered, flat-backed, his hips narrow, moving, still, she thought, like some kind of animal, easy and swift and not old yet, he moves so light and smooth-like, she thought, and when he got in the car she   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nelson2 saw him blonde, with the sunburned hair, his face with the broad Mongol cheek bones, and the narrow eyes, the nose broken at the bridge, the wide mouth and the round jaw, and getting in the car he grinned at her and she began to cry.† (Hemmingway 128) Also worthy of notice, halfway through the book Harry losses his arm in a gunfight with some Cuban patrols on a liquor run. 2. Words and Actions:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry Morgan gives validity to the idiom, â€Å"Curse like a sailor.† He fights like one too. Morgan is the quintessential smuggler. All his actions seem violent and towards the ends of making money. His actions are done out of necessity or desperation. This is seen clearly in the way he handles a client of his, a client that knows too much. â€Å"He put his hand in his pocket and reached the money out toward me. I reached for it and grabbed his wrist with the money in his hand, and as he came forward on the stern I grabbed his throat with the other hand.† (Hemmingway 53) His actions are brutal and direct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even towards close associates he seems ruthless. He came very close to killing a friend of his that sneaked aboard his ship for a ride back to America.

The Quantum Of Continuity :: essays research papers

<a href="http://philosophos.tripod.com">http://philosophos.tripod.com The problem of continuum versus discreteness seems to be related to the issue of infinity and finiteness. The number of points in a line served as the logical floodgate which led to the development of Set Theory by Cantor at the end of the 19th century. It took almost another century to demonstrate the problematic nature of some of Cantor's thinking (Cohen completed Godel's work in 1963). But continuity can be finite and the connection is, most times, misleading rather than illuminating. Intuition tells us that the world is continuous and contiguous. This seems to be a state of things which is devoid of characteristics other than its very existence. And yet, whenever we direct the microscope of scientific discipline at the world, we encounter quantized, segregated, distinct and discrete pictures. This atomization seems to be the natural state of things - why did evolution resort to the false perception of continuum? And how can a machine which is bound to be discrete by virtue of its "naturalness" - the brain - perceive a continuum? The continuum is an external, mental category which is imposed by us on our observations and on the resulting data. It serves as an idealized approximation of reality, a model which is asymptotic to the Universe "as it is". It gives rise to the concepts of quality, emergence, function, derivation, influence (force), interaction, fields, (quantum) measurement, processes and a host of other holistic ways of relating to our environment. The other pole, the quantized model of the world conveniently gives rise to the complementary set of concepts : quantity, causality, observation, (classic) measurement, language, events, quants, units and so on. The private, macroscopic, low velocity instances of our physical descriptions of the universe (theories) tend to be continuous. Newtonian time is equated to a river. Space is a yarn. Einstein was the last classicist (relativity just means that no classical observer has any preference over another in formulating the laws of physics and in performing measurements). His space-time is a four dimensional continuum. What commenced as a matter of mathematical convenience was transformed into a hallowed doctrine : homogeneity, isotropy, symmetry became enshrined as the cornerstones of an almost religious outlook ("God does not play dice"). These were assumed to be "objective", "observer independent" qualities of the Universe. There was supposed to be no preferred direction, no clustering of mass or of energy, no time, charge, or parity asymmetry in elementary particles.

The Purpose of Education Essay -- Education Schooling

What is the purpose of education? What do we seek from it? How does it better our lives? What is the role of public schools? These are all important questions, but first I am going to give a brief summary of the text by Timothy McMannon entitled The Public Purpose of Education and Schooling. McMannon gives the reader plenty of reasons for why we need education and how it helps us and our society; he starts by explaining that in past cultures schooling was not done in a formal school but in â€Å"the community, the family, and the church† (McMannon 1). Some cultures even believed that education was something that took a lifetime. The essay then progresses into explaining how education has evolved through the centuries into what it is today and why it has become what it is. Everyone has his or her own take on what they believe education is and should be. Your parents could think of it as a day care facility until you get to high school and then they might think of it as a place to earn a degree and soon move out. Your grandparents might think of it as a place where you go to learn things that you aren’t going to need in life because they never did. Political leaders may think of it as an economical advantage over another country. The list goes on, but as a student, I believe that there are many purposes of education; it is more than one thing, but many things that combine into what education really is. One role of public schools is to promote the principles and standards of our society, which have been all but forgotten. Today we presume that school is a place where we go to learn history and mathematics, but it is much more than that. Schooling teaches us what our leaders are too busy to explain. By this, I mean that our teachers... ...u never acquired anything from becoming educated, why would you continue with it? In part, â€Å"education must be practical† (McMannon 8) and we need to recognize that. Works Cited Fulghum, Robert. All I Really Needed to Know I Learned in Kindergarten. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986. Hudson, William E. and Robert H. Trudeau. "Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning." An Essay on the Institionalization of Service-Learning: The Genesis of the Feinstein Institute for Public Service 2.1 (1995): 150-158. McMannon, Timothy. "The Changing Purposes of Education and Schooling." McMannon, Timothy and John Goodlad. The Public Purpose of Education and Schooling. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997. Nussbaum, Martha. "Cultivating Imaginations: Literature and the Arts." Not For Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.

Math Checkup Unit

Circle the letter of your answer(s) and explain your choice(s). B. D. The slope is a. Point-slope form b. Slope-intercept form 5. What is the slope off line that is perpendicular to [pick]? Show your work. Answer: A line perpendicular to Hopi]x would have a slope that's the reciprocal of the slope to Hopi]x. So the answer is [pick]. 6. Write the equation off line passing through (0,6) and parallel to the line [pick]. Arctic]x+6 7.Which of the following tables of values could have been generated by a linear function? How do you know? I-I II 1-5 1-7 1-9 1-11 110 115 Table A is a linear function, since it has an even distribution in both its x and y values. Table B is NOT a linear function, since it doesn't have an even distribution in its y values. Table C is a linear function, since it has an even distribution in both its x and y values. 8. For each table in #7 that could have been generated by a linear function, calculate the slope of the line produced by that function. The rise over run formula [pick] shows the slope of a function table.Table A has a slope of -2. Table C has a slope of O. 9. The cost of hosting a dinner in a particular restaurant is given by y = 18. Xx + 250, where x is the number of people at the dinner and y is dollars. What is the slope of this function? What does it mean in the context of the problem? The slope is 18. 5. It meaner that each person that attends costs $18. 50. 10. The cost of hosting a dinner in a particular restaurant is given by y = 18. Xx + 250, where x is the number of people at the dinner and y is dollars. What is the y- intercept of this function? What does it mean in the context of the problem?The y-intercept is 250. This meaner that you must pay $250 BEFORE you pay for each guest's meal. 1 1 . Write the equation of the line that is parallel to the x-axis and goes through the 12. Does the point (2,6) lie on the line that connects (IA) and (03)? Explain. The equation for the slope of (1 A) and (03) is rug+3. Just plug (2,6) into the equation: 6=2+3? NO. So, no. (2,6) does not lie in the line that connects (1 A) and (03). 13. Which of the following pairs of lines are perpendicular? How do you know? Perpendicular? A. [pick and [pick] No. Their slopes are NOT negative reciprocals. B. [pick] and [pick] Yes.Their slopes are negative reciprocals. And [pick] No. Their slopes are NOT negative reciprocals. C. [pick] 14. Jeremy uses the linear function G = ah + 50 to represent the grade, G (in points out of 100), that he can earn on an exam as a function of h, the number of hours he spends studying for the exam. A. Identify the slope and y-intercept of Jersey's function and explain what they mean in the context of the problem. The slope is 12 and the y-intercept is 50. This meaner that Jersey's score, if he didn't study, would be 50. However, for every hour he studies, his score will go up 12 points. . If Jeremy spends 3 hours studying for the exam, what grade does he expect to earn? Show your work. Jeremy can expect to earn 86 points on the test if he studies for 3 hours. C. How many hours should Jeremy study if he wants to earn a perfect score on the exam? Show your work. 100= +50 ah h = 4 hours, 10 minutes. – up, where p is the price in dollars of the product and D is the number of products that can be sold at that price. A. What does the slope of this function mean in the context of the problem? The slope shows that for each dollar the price increases, two less items will be sold. . What price should be set in order to sell 75 items? Show your work. UP = 25 p = $12. 50 The price should be set as $12. 50 to sell 75 items. 75 = 100 16. Temperature may be given in degrees Celsius or in degrees Fahrenheit. The freezing point of water is 32(F or O(C. The boiling point of water is 212(F or OHIO(C. A. Write the equation of a line that shows the relationship between degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius. B. What is the temperature in Fahrenheit when it is ICC? C. What is the temp erature in Celsius when it is OFF? 6. 1 Celsius 17.Write at least three different expressions that mean â€Å"slope. † 62. 6 Fahrenheit 18. In order to write the equation off line, what two pieces of information do you need? (Hint: there may be more than one answer to this question. ) You must know both the slope and y-intercept to write the equation of a line. The number of soccer balls produced. A. What is the slope of this equation and what does it represent in the context of the problem? The slope is 7, and that meaner each soccer ball costs $7. B. What is the y-intercept of this equation and what does it represent in the intent of the problem?

Anti Transcendentalism in the Literary Works of Edgar Allan Poe 1 Essay

Anti-Transcendentalism in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe Life and death are concepts that are widely known by men and women of all cultures. Many pieces of literature are written about these topics since they are well known but not everyone understands the meaning of living and dying. Death seems to be the tougher of these two concepts to be discussed. This is most likely due to the fact that once a person dies they are gone forever. While many individuals can say that they have experienced life to the fullest, not many, or any at all, can say that they have experienced death and lived to talk about that experience. As a result, literary authors use metaphors and personification to bring their readers closer to understanding death and life. Transcendentalism became a philosophical movement in the 1820s and 1830s that suggested a belief that spirituality was greater than a basic human experience, such as living life without the need for materialistic items, therefore experiencing the full form of what life has to offer. While many authors and poets grasped this philosophy, such as Henry David Thoreau, other literary figures disliked the transcendental movement and wrote their work against its viewpoint. Edgar Allan Poe is well known for horrifying the topic of death in most of his literary works. Poe had a history of using the fear of death 1 Patel and relating it to the effect it had on the human soul. He used the experiences in his life as a precursor to his short stories and poems. Edgar Allen Poe’s experience with illness and death, expressed in his literary work, contributed to his stance as an anti- transcendentalist. Edgar Allan Poe was born to two stage actors, David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Poe, on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. Even in his early life, Poe faced a difficult life. After his father abandoned him, and his mother dying shortly after, a rich merchant by the name of John Allan, and his wife, adopted Poe. With his new adoptive parents, he left the States lived in Scotland and London for five years. Poe attended private schools as a child where he was gifted in literature. This was the first step to his writing poetry. Even though he strived academically, he isolated himself from his peers. Poe then continued his studied at the University of Virginia, where he studied classical and modern language. However, to his inability to cover his cost of living, which his adoptive father refused to pay for, Poe resorted to gambling for his source of money, causing him to acquire massive amounts of debt and withdrawing from the university. As a stepping-stone to change his life, Poe enlisted in the army, where he published his first book of poetry. Poe began to write more and more works of literature through his young adult years. However, even though his poems and short stories were becoming well known, Poe had a difficult time earning a living through being a writer. This lack of 2 Patel financial assistance caused him to move in with his aunt, and niece, Virginia Clemm, who he soon after married. Through the years of 1837 and 1845, Edgar Allan Poe became a well renowned author and poet, publishing countless poems and short stories. However, after the death of his wife, Virginia, in 1847, due to tuberculosis, Poe’s health also became to depreciate from his constant use of alcohol. Soon after, Poe died a mysterious death, which many speculate to be because of his excessive alcohol abuse. (â€Å"Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849), An Introduction to,† 220-221) As seen through his life, Edgar Allan Poe faced a difficult life, which clearly reflects in his short stories and poems. As mentioned earlier, Poe was against the transcendental movement that swept through the early Unites States. The movement mainly flourished in the mid-1830s. The transcendentalist movement was first recognized and founded by Harvard-education ministers, in their attempt to go against Unitarianism. The philosophy and belief transcendentalists follow is to be in reflection of god (â€Å"American Transcendentalism, An Introduction to,† 1). There were many figures of the transcendentalist movement that were influenced by its concept. One of the most important figures of American Transcendentalism was Ralph Waldo Emerson. His essays were directly related to the philosophy it follows. Many other authorial figures were influences by transcendentalism, including Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Emily Dickinson, and Edgar Allan Poe. An author defending the 3 Patel transcendentalist movement claims, â€Å"They believed that the man is not perfect and what they emphasized was the evil present in the world and nature. What they wrote illustrated the idea that human beings are not always moving toward truth and righteousness, beauty, and justice† (Manzari 1800). Though the transcendentalist movement was prominent to Poe, it influenced him in a negative way, where he was predisposed to write against the movement, rather than favor it in his literary work. Just like Emerson, Thoreau wrote a â€Å"spiritual autobiography† called Walden; or, Life in the Woods (2). The autobiography explained how Thoreau lives secluded in the woods from the materialistic world he lived in, becoming one with nature’s beauty and all it had to offer. In â€Å"An Introduction to American Transcendentalism†, the article states, â€Å"Moreover, that influence has been traced by numerous critics from the nineteenth century to the present day in such characteristics of American Literature as its emphases on nature, innocence, and individualism. † The following quote from the article suggests that the transcendentalist movement influenced literature as it’s seen today. This statement is indeed correct since the movement influenced most of the pieces written by Edgar Allan Poe. Through his horrific childhood, Poe was well experienced in writing about death since most of his work revolves around it. Poe remains firm on his stance as an anti- transcendentalist. One of his most famous works is a poem called â€Å"The Raven†. The ballad is about a young man who is torn by the death of the woman he loved, and mourns for her dearly. The poem shows a direct and clear sense of negativity and sorrow in its 4 Patel tone (Magistrale 29). It seems as though Poe is openly mocking transcendentalism in his poem. The narrator of the poem suggests supernatural forces and a hostile natural world. According to transcendentalism, there is nothing more pure and innocent than nature. However, according to â€Å"The Raven†, nature is shown to be threatening, the complete opposite of transcendental belief. Another short story Poe had written is directly related to the topic of death. â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† is about a deadly illness that takes over the country called Red Death. The Red Death had already killed half of the country, and was coming for the wealthy prince who had shut his doors to his kingdom, trying to save himself from the death, while his kingdom collapse to death’s knees. However, this did not stop the Red Death from entering the prince’s castle and killing them all as a faceless masked person. The moral of the story is that no one can escape death, not the rich or the poor. Mortality is a concept many people fail to understand. Though death is all over, it is hard to grasp that people only live for a certain amount of time while death creeps through continuous generations of the world. The theme in Poe’s â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† is the concept of mortality and the fear of death. Death is everywhere in the story, and the use of allegory and personification brings the awful disease alive, sweeping through the nation and seizing all of its victims. The Red Death in the story was perceived to be about tuberculosis in reality. Since Poe had death all around him due to this disease, it only 5 Patel makes sense why it would have affected his writing, as well as on his stance on transcendentalism. Poe dealt with death most of his life, from his wife and mother dying of tuberculosis to his adoptive father’s untimely and distant death (â€Å"Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849), An Introduction to,† 220-221). In his eyes, he likely did not see living transcendentally as a belief since there was more death in his life than life itself. Poe also used the natural world and the supernatural in his poem â€Å"Annabel Lee†. The poem mentions nature everywhere, the sea being the biggest example of this, as well as the wind and clouds and starts. Though it would seem these parts of nature would be calming to him, Poe shows it to be a little scary and threatening in the ways he described these parts of nature. The narrator of the poem is slightly obsessed with how and why Annabel died, much like how Poe may have been distraught by his wife’s untimely death when she was succumbed by tuberculosis (â€Å"Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849), An Introduction to,† 220-221). Poe suggests in the poem if death is the end of a loved one, or if the love continues after death. A little brighter than his other stories and poems, Poe still clenches to the concept of death in this poem as well. There is no doubt that his work mostly revolved around fatality and mortality, the complete opposite of the transcendental belief (â€Å"Poe As Poet. † 2001). Poe shows his stance as an anti-transcendentalist through most of his work, giving a different viewpoint than the common belief in spirituality than the he lived. 6 Patel Poe writes another story that directly related to his viewpoint on transcendental belief. â€Å"Never Bet the Devil Your Head† was a clear attack on transcendentalism, the narrator calling it a â€Å"disease. † He uses Toby Dammit as an example of what this â€Å"disease† can do to an individual, seeing as Dammit succumbed to death. As a cruel joke, the narrator sends the bill of Dammit’s funeral to the transcendentalist, but they refuse to pay since they do not believe in the concept of evil (Allen Poe, â€Å"Never Bet the Devil Your Head†). This piece that Poe writes was a direct satirical story written about transcendentalism. In an essay that Poe wrote, called â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition†, Poe states, â€Å"It is the excess of the suggested meaning- it is the rendering this the upper instead of the under-current of the theme- which turns into prose (and that of the very flattest kind), the so-called poetry of the so-called transcendentalists† (â€Å"Poe’s Philosopy of Composition,† 1880). He mocks the transcendentalists in this piece of his work as well, directly stating them in his essay. Edgar Allan Poe mostly wrote his literary works about death and fatality. It seems as though death was all around him, from his adoptive father’s untimely death to the illness that succumbed his mother and wife. Nonetheless, this highly affected the tone and style of his short stories and poems that he has written. Almost all of his literary works have mentioned the supernatural world, mortality, and fear, all things that transcendental believers consider to be unexpressed over their belief in the natural world and God. Though he was not condescendingly against transcendentalism altogether, he 7 Patel was more so against the idea they believed it in the literary world, and that it should affect the way these authors and poets incorporated it in literature. There are many ways literature can we written, from mystery to the topic of love. Poe dealt with so much fatality in his life that it affected the way he created his work. Death is among all human beings, so why not embrace it the way Edgar Allan Poe has. Work Cited 8 Patel â€Å"American Transcendentalism, An Introduction to. â€Å" Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Janet Mullane and Robert Thomas Wilson. Vol. 24. Detroit: Gale, 1989. 19th Century Literature Criticism Online. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. â€Å"Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849), An Introduction to. † Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Kathy D. Darrow. Vol. 211. Detroit: Gale, 2009. 19th Century Literature Criticism Online. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. â€Å"POE’S PHILOSOPHY Of COMPOSITION. † The New York Times [New York] 1 Aug. 1880: n. pag. The New York Times. Web. 28 Apr. 2015. Magistrale, Tony. Student Companion To Edgar Allan Poe. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2001. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 20 Apr. 2015. Manzari, Alireza. â€Å"Contextual American Transcendentalism. † Theory and Practice in Language Studies 2. 9 (2012): 1792-801. ProQuest Literature Online. Web. 15 Apr. 2015. Poe, Edgar A. Never Bet the Devil Your Head. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. About. com. Web. 28 Apr. 2015. Poe, Edgar A. â€Å"Poems For Further Study. † The Norton Introduction to Literature. By Kelly J. Mays. 11th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2014. 601-04. Print. 9 Patel â€Å"Poe As Poet. † Scholastic Scope 50. 5 (2001): 13. 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